الامبراطورية العثمانية سنة 1600, الامبراطورية البريطانية سنة 1800

امبراطورية اسسها رئيس الخبازين باسلحة “سيكولوجية و حقوقية” من داخل حصان طروادة لتحقيق لهدف ظهر في نتيجة استفتاء سنة 2019

The lands of the Ottoman Emperor or the Ottoman Sultan in Asia, Africa and Europe
the description
This map shows the Ottoman Empire as depicted in Europe in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. The map is a second edition, dated back to 1679, of a previous edition that was probably part of a series of Atlases published by Nicholas Sanson (1600-1667) in the middle of the century. The map shows geological characteristics, such as rivers, deserts and mountain ranges. Cities and towns were identified, and colored lines were used to refer to the boundaries of kingdoms. An internally attached map is shown in the lower left, extending along the southern coast of the Mediterranean, westward to Algeria. The place names were written in French. Sanson is considered by many to be the founder of the French cartographic school. Sanson also knew of the Abbeville Sanson, because it was originally from Abbeville. He trained to become a military engineer, but he became a prolific map painter, drawing more than 300 maps. In about 1643, he began publishing the maps by working with publisher Pierre Mariette. French, British and Dutch cartographers between the 16th and the 18th centuries were competing to meet the growing demand for maps of the East, where European trade expanded to areas beyond the Mediterranean. Sanson was among the top charters – the first publishers to earn money as a result of this demand. He founded an empire of geographers and cartographers for a century.

British Empire all over the world, displayed in one view
the description
John Bartolomeo & Partners was a map-making company founded in Edinburgh, Scotland, by John Bartholomew’s father (1805-61). The company’s business continued its son John Bartholomew, Jr. (1831-93). In the 1930s, the company was commissioned to produce maps in the Encyclopedia Britannica, which lasted for 90 years. The company’s business grew in the late 19th century when the British Empire expanded abroad and education opportunities in the country increased, leading to higher demand for maps. Among the cartographic innovations attributed to the company was the use of red to refer to British properties around the world and the pattern of contour layers to represent topographical features through gradients in color. On this map, which dates back to the 1850s, and before the use of contour coloring, a note is made at the top of the map: “British property is engraved with a darker letter and in red.” The use of red or pink for this purpose became common practice in the Victorian era. The map is also surrounded by a framework consisting of ideal fees for friendly encounters between British colonists and indigenous people in four different parts of the world: Australia, North America, British Asia, the East Indies, Cape Colony and South Africa.

British Empire all over the world, displayed in one view
the description
John Bartolomeo & Partners was a map-making company founded in Edinburgh, Scotland, by John Bartholomew’s father (1805-61). The company’s business continued its son John Bartholomew, Jr. (1831-93). In the 1930s, the company was commissioned to produce maps in the Encyclopedia Britannica, which lasted for 90 years. The company’s business grew in the late 19th century when the British Empire expanded abroad and education opportunities in the country increased, leading to higher demand for maps. Among the cartographic innovations attributed to the company was the use of red to refer to British properties around the world and the pattern of contour layers to represent topographical features through gradients in color. On this map, which dates back to the 1850s, and before the use of contour coloring, a note is made at the top of the map: “British property is engraved with a darker letter and in red.” The use of red or pink for this purpose became common practice in the Victorian era. The map is also surrounded by a framework consisting of ideal fees for friendly encounters between British colonists and indigenous people in four different parts of the world: Australia, North America, British Asia, the East Indies, Cape Colony and South Africa.

كلام عن الامبراطورية المغولية

Tsafar in the Mongol Empire
the description
Tesvar in the Mongol Empire represents the first English translation of the book “Estuar de la Dérnér Revolucion des Ats de Grand Mogul”, published in Paris in 1670-1671 by François Bernier. Bernier was born in Jueuil, Loire, France, and studied medicine at the University of Montpellier. He traveled to Syria and Palestine in 1654, wanting to see the world. He returned to the Middle East in 1656, where he lived for a year in Cairo before sailing south via the Red Sea, and intends to head to Gondar (in present Ethiopia). When he learned that the conditions there were unsafe for travel, he traveled on a ship bound for the port of Surat on the west coast of India. He lived in India for about 12 years, from 1658 to 1669. Bernier initially served as a personal physician to Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and the successor appointed after him, and later worked for Daneshmand Khan, a nobleman in the court of Emperor Orangzab. Bernier was an eyewitness to the civil war and bloody conflict of the Caliphate from 1656-1659, during which Orangzab, one of the younger brothers of Dara Chiku, took over the throne of the Mongol Empire. In 1664 Bernier traveled with Orangsev to Kashmir, known as the “Paradise of India”, where he was probably the first European to visit the region. Bernier wrote many lengthy letters to reporters in France, in which he gave detailed explanations of economic and religious and social conditions in northern India. These included a letter sent by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister to King Louis XIV. These letters form part of Tesvar’s book in the Mongol Empire. Bernier, he and his son Jean Chardin (1643-1713) and Jean-Baptiste Tavarnier (1605-1689), whom he met in his travels, were a source of much of what Europeans knew about India in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Bernier was a thinker and adventurer. This is reflected in his book, which deals with a variety of topics, for example, on the nature of atoms, the lost tribes of Israel, winds, currents, rain and the Nile. There is also an appendix on the history of travel to India. The book contains an introduction by the translator, Irving Brock, an English banker with literary interests. The book includes illustrations of characters and highlights as well as three folded maps.

Tsafar in the Mongol Empire